Proposal
(proposing government or NGO)

MNA Approach

Fundamental Mechanism and
Conditions

1

Reserve of Nuclear Fuel (US)

2

Fuel assurances (fuel reserve)

For states that forego enrichment and reprocessing

2

Global Nuclear Power Infrastructure (Russia)

(3)

Create system of international centres providing nuclear fuel cycle services

IUEC Angarsk (below) as an example

3

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (US)

(1)

Fuel supply, possibly spent fuel take-back

Existing supplier states provide services for recipient states

4

Ensuring Security of Supply (World Nuclear Association)

2

Fuel assurances (enrichment services, fuel reserve)

5

Reliable Access to Nuclear Fuel (Six Country Proposal)

2

Fuel assurances (enrichment services)

6

IAEA Standby Arrangements (Japan)

2

Fuel assurances provided by existing supplies

Reduce incentives for additional states to develop national capabilities

7

IAEA Nuclear Fuel Reserve (Nuclear Threat Initiative)

2

Fuel assurances (fuel reserve for at least one full core, under IAEA auspices)

8

Enrichment Bonds (UK)

2

Fuel assurances (enrichment services)

9

International Uranium Enrichment Centre (Russia)

(3)

Share in multinational enrichment plant (in Russia, no technology transfer)

Oriented chiefly to states not developing indigenous capabilities

10

Multilateral Enrichment Sanctuary Project (Germany)

4

Establish multilateral extraterritorial enrichment plant

States retain right to establish fuel cycle facilities under national control

11

Multilateralisation of the Fuel Cycle (Austria)

(5)

Establish a new authority to ensure ‘fair’ distribution of nuclear fuels

Eventually all facilities multinational and operated through this authority

12

Nuclear Fuel Cycle (EU)

n/a

Criteria to evaluate multilateral arrangements and fuel assurances

Not meant to ‘impinge on national choices and arrangements’